Radiant-energy translation system



Feb. 13, 1962 c. F. MATTKE ETAL RADIANT-ENERGY TRANSLATION SYSTEM 3 Sheets-Sheet 1- Filed Aug. 23, 1947 cfmTr/E NVENTORS' E WHEY/vows )il M ATTORNEY Feb. 13, 1962 c. F. MATTKE ET AL RADIANT-ENERGY TRANSLATION SYSTEM 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Aug. 25, 1947 c. f'. MArr/(E @MMM- FIG. Z

i-ir ATT ORNE Y Feb. 13, 1962 c. F. MATTKE ET Al. 3,021,428.

RADIANT-ENERGY TRANSLATION SYSTEM Filed Aug. 25, 1947 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Ml ELEVAUON F IG. l/A

D TARGET SIGNAL ATTORNEY 0N TARGET SIGNAL SIG/VIL OFF TARGET IN ELEVATON readily available.

3,021,428 RADIANT-ENERGY TRANSLATION SYSTEM Charles F. Mattke, Jackson Heights, N.Y., and Frederick W. Reynolds, Ridgewood, NJ., assignors to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N.Y., a

corporation` of New York Filed Aug. 23, 1947, Ser. No. 770,248 Claims. (Cl. 250-83) f ings.

The system according to the invention may utilize that `form of radiant-energy lwhich is classified under the general title of thermal-energy radiation, and which includes Avisible light, ultra-violet and infra-red waves. In ithe preferred form of the invention infra-red radiation of a wavelength between 7,000 and 4X1()6 angstrom units is utilized. It will be understood that the system, and particularly the kscanning mechanism, is adaptable for other forms of radiant-energy.

|In the preferred embodiment of the invention an infrared responsive system is designed to respond to the difference in thermal-energy radiation which usually exists between a target and its surroundings. The equipment may scan an area under observation and collectl and process thermal-energy received from the area. When in the course of the scanning operation an object is encounvtered having a thermal-diifusiveness greater or less than that of the area of scan per se, a temperature-discontinuity or anomaly exists and a target signal is initiated. When the apparatus is not in correct alignment with the object, the signal indicates the direction in which the equipment should be moved in order to bring it into correct orientation. The signal also indicates when the vequipment is in directional alignment with the object.

By utilizing a number of interchangeable thermal-sensitive devices, a variety of types of signal indications are The system may also be `used to control any suitable automatic mechanism for holding the scanning apparatus in constant orientation with the direction of a thermal-energy source.

Any'element sensitive to thermal-energy radiations may be utilized as a responsive element in the invention. Examples of such sensitive elements are thermocouples, thermopiles, photocells and bolometers. In the preferred embodiment of the invention a thermistor-bolometer is utilized. A bolometer is a device which is used to detect or record small quantities of thermal energy by means of a thermally-induced change in the bolometer resistance. Thermistors may be manufactured in any suitable manner such as that shown in United States Patent 2,414,793, issued January 28, 1947, to I. A. Becker and H. Christenvsen. Suitable materials for the construction of thermismistor-bolometers, which is tentimes greater than if the the bridge.

40 element.

3,021,428 Patented' Feb. 13, 1962 same temperature changewere observedwith those bolometers which utilize pure metals as their sensitive elements. Another advantage is the fact vthat the thermistor-bolometer resistancefper individual unit, is about one megohm,

5 and accordingly thermistors have a suitable impedance for direct connectionto the grid circuit of a vacuum tube, while metal bolometers usually require use of step-up transformers. A method of utilizing these characteristics of thermistors comprises placing them in a circuit so as 10 to form arms of a bridge configuration. Radiation impinging upon a thermistor bridge arm changes its temperature with a resultant change in its resistance. The change in resistance value causes an unbalance in the bridge circuit, and a resultant potential variation across This potential is amplified and utilized to energize signal indication equipment.

In one embodiment of the invention a flat scanning reliiector is mounted on a shaft at an acute angle with reference to the shaft axis, and with an additional tilt component at rightangles to the original acute angular displacement. The shaft is supported for rotation in a rocking bearing and while rotating a vibratory displacement of the axis of the shaft occurs, so that the reector elliptically scans an area. Thermal-energy collected by the reflector is projected upon a iixed parabolic reector, the

focal plane region of which, contains a thermal-energy responsive element which initiates voltage variations, 'corresponding to variations in ,the intensity of the thermalenergy received. These'variations are transmitted, via

an ampliiier to the deector electrodes of a cathode-ray oscilloscope. The horizontal sweep of the oscilloscope beam is controlled by impulses which are originated by rotation of the shaft supporting the scanning reiiector.

The motion of the scanning apparatus is such as to intermittently focus upon either of the two sensitive sections of the thermal-energy responsive element, a thermalimage of a tanget. The thermal-image travels along a Ppathway which has the form of a narrow ellipse, and the ellipse minor axis is parallel to the lengthwise axis of the When the thermal-image impinges upon one section which is positively poled a positive pulse is produced, and when it impinges upon the other section a negative pulse is produced. These pulses may be used to synchronize the sweep circuit source, and also to pro duce indications on the oscilloscope screen to show when FIG. 3 is another detail view of the reflectoruof FIG. 2v

and'shows its driving mechanism and an associated phase generator;

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a bolometer as used in FIG. 1 together with a biasing circuit and con- `nections to an associated amplifier;

FIG. 5 shows an alternate type of bolometer which Y may be used in place of the configuration shown in FIG. 4; FIG. 6 shows another alternate type of Vbolometer which may be used in place of'that shown in FIG. 4 and which isfadaptable for use with a linear scan.;

FIG. 7 shows the rear view of an interchangeable plug-in ltype bolometer for use with ,the configurations shown in FIGS. 4, 5' and l6; Y'

FIG. 8 shows a balancing device for use with the plugin unit of FIG; 7;V

' FIGS. 9A', 9B show types ofsignal indications appear-- apanage ing upon the screen of an oscilloscope when the bolometer configuration shown in FIG. 4 is used;

FIGS. A, 10B, 10C show types of oscilloscope signal appearances when the bolometer coniiguration shown in FIG. 5 is utilized; and

FIGS. 11A and 11B show oscilloscope signal appearances when the bolometer configuration of FIG. 6 is used.

Referring to FIG. l, a parabolic reilector 12 and a bolometer 13 are mounted in iixed positions in any suitable manner as shown. In front of reflector 12 is a flat scanning retlector 14adaptable for rotation. The reflector 14 is mounted upon a rotatable hollow shaft 15. Within the hollow shaft 15 is a flexible drive shaft 16. A portion of the drive shaft 16 passies through the hub of a gear 17 and is secured to the gear. The shaft 16 is motivated through a gear chain mechanism, which includes gears 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21, by a motor 22. One end of drive shaft 16 is connected to the reector 14 while its other end is connected to a rotor 23 of an alternating current sweep circuit generator 24. The output from the generator 24 is fed to a sweep circuit amplier 25, and the output from the amplifier 25 is connected to horizontal deection plates 26 in an oscilloscope system 27. In the bolometer 13 is a thermistor element which is electrically partitioned into three sections 28, 29 and 30. Sections 28 and 30 are sensitive to impinging radiations while central section 29 is shielded from radiations and is inert. For purposes of illustration the view of the thermistor element is distorted since the surface shown in the drawing as facing the observer actually faces the parabolic reector 12. The sections 2S and 30 are biased from a direct current source and form arms of a normally balanced bridge network as illustrated. Radiation received by the reflector 14 from the area of scan is directed upon the parabolic reilector 12 which focusses it upon the sections 28 and 30 of the bolometer unit 13. Variations in the thermal-energy received by these sections result in a voltage potential at the central section 29. This varying voltage potential output from the thermistor-element configuration is led to an amplifier 31, and the amplified output is connected to vertical dellection plates 32 in the oscilloscope 27. `'Through resolving the outputs of devices 13 and 24 in the oscilloscope 27, a signal indication 33 appears on the screen 34, in a manner which shall be described in detail.

Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a detail of the mountingof theV flat reflector 14 upon the hollow shaft 15. Reliector 14 is mounted upon the shaft 15 at an acute angle in relation to the longitudinal axis of shaft 15. This acute angle is about three-quarters of a degree less than ninety degrees, and is designated angle 0 as illustrated. An end of the shaft 15 revolves in a pivot type of bearing 35. A pair of thin washers 36 are so tapered in thickness from one side toward the other than rotation of one washer in a clockwise direction, and of the other washer in a counter-clockwise direction, will change the tilt of reflector 14 without adding a skew to its rotation movement. Flexible driving shaft 16 passes through the hollow reector shaft 15 and is secured to the reflector 14 as shown. f

FIG. 3 shows details of the drivingmechanism of reector 14 and the hollow shaft 15. The ilexible drive shaft 16 `passes through the hub of Vthe gear 17 and is secured thereto by a set-screw 37. An end of the drive shaft 16 is connected to the rotor 23 of the generator 24, while the other end of the shaft is secured to the reflector 14. The gear., chain mechanism contained within the gear case 38, and comprising gears 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21, is driven by the motor 22. An end of the hollow shaft 15 Vrests in a pivot bearing 35, while its other end is held in a bearing 39 which is eccentrically mounted with respect to the axis of the shaft 15. The bearing 22 `actuates the gear chain'within the gear case 33, the

eccentrical mounting of an end of hollow shaft 15 in the bearing 39, causes this end to nutate in a circular pathway with its front end pivoted in the bearing 35. The rotating movement imposed upon drive shaft 16 by the gear 17 is in turn imposed upon the hollow shaft 15. It will be noted that the movement of an end of the hollow shaft 15, and the rotational movement of shaft 15, are in opposite directions but at the same rate of speed since they are interconnected by the gear chain mechanism to a common driving agency 22. Both of the motions imposed upon the shaft 15 are therefrom imposed upon the reliector 14. This double-action imposition upon reector 14 will result in the reflector scanning a straight line path with a simple superimposed harmonic motion. The reector actually scans elliptically, and this elliptical scan effect is achieved and obtained from the straight line scan by tilting the reflector 14, by means of the tapered washers 36, so that it has an extra small component of tilt at right angles to its original tilt displacement in relation to the hollow shaft 15. ln one embodiment of the invention, wherein elevation information is primarily desired, it is possible to cover a ield of scan that has a ratio of twelve to one, as for example, six degrees in elevation and a half degree in azimuth. By a simple transposition of gears in the gear case 38 the `condition may be reversed and a scan of a half degree in elevation and six degrees in azimuth becomes readily available. To effect this change of the direction of scan from vertical to horizontal it is necessary to rotate the gears with respect to the gear case 38 as follows. The idler gear 21 is removed, and gears 17 and 18 are rotated together through a ninetydegree arc with respect to the gear case 38, and the idler gear 21 is` then replaced in position. The associated oscilloscope scan line maybe changed from vertical to horizontal and the connections to the deflection plates also interchanged.

Referring tio FIG. 4 there is shown a bolometer unit 13 comprising a housing 40 with a window 41 situated therein. Within the housing 40` and behind the window 41 is a thermistor-element strip which is electrically partitioned into three sections 28, 29 and 30. The element strip is shielded from radiations by the housing 40, except the front surfaces of the sensitive sections 28 and 30 which are exposed. Infra-red radiation may enter through the window 41 and impinge upon the front surfaces of the sensitive sections 28 and 30. Section 29 is inert and shielded from thermal-energy emissions aslstated. Electrical contacts are secured to the `center of the section 29, and to both of the element extremities as shown. Sections 28 and 30 are connected to a direct current biasing circuit, as illustrated, so as to form arms of a bridge configuration, other arms of which include resistances 42, 43 and 44 also resistances 45, 46 and 47. Bridged across the bridge are a series of condensers, and one plate of each condenser is connected to ground. A direct current electromotive force is applied to the network and a balance may be achieved by adjusting the balancing rheostats 44 and 47. It will be noted lthat sections 28 and 30 are now oppositely poled and are connected together by shielded non-responsive section 29. When the device is in use the window 41 of the bolometer 13 faces the axis of the parabolic reflector. The thermal image formed on the parabolic reflector from the hat scanning reflector, as discussed, is focussed by the parabolic reector upon the thermistor-element strip in the bolometer 13.` As the thermal image impinges Aupon sections 2S or 30, posi-tive or `negative pulses will originate. Due to `the combined tilt and rotational nutational movements of the flat reflector, as discussed, the thermal image from the parabolic reflector will describe yan elliptically shaped pathway 48 in itsmovement upon, across` and around the bolometer 13, and will alternately and consecutively impinge upon sections v28 and 30. No part ofthe target thermal image impinges upon the inert section 11.9.` The object thermal with the ellipse minor axis parallel to the thermisto-r element length. The magnitude of the minor axis is adjustable by means of the tapered washers,` discussed in relation to FIGS. 2 and 3, so that when the system is directionally aligned with a target in train no part of the thermal image will impinge upon the inert section 29. As the thermal image impinges upon an exposed sensitivesection the temperature of the section increases with a corresponding increase in the section resistance. This momentary change in resistance unbalances the bridge network and initiates, a voltage variant across the bridge between the central section 29 and ground. This central common connecting point is connected through a shielded cable 49,

and a blocking condenser 50 to a grid 51 of an amplifying device 52. Thence the amplified pulses are led to either the vertical or horizontal deflecting plates of an oscilloscope system, as discussed in relation to FIG. l, and are phased with the output of the phase generator so that pulses occur in space alignment on two sides ofthe oscilloscope sweep base line. l i

The cable 49 may comprise a shield imposed over a ypolystyrene insulated conductor the ends of which are coated with ceresin wax. This maintains the high insulavtion resistance of the bolometer sections and of the input circuit, and tends to minimize resistance variations other 'than those caused by legitimate signals. This shielding 'treatment is also successful in preventing the absorption of water vapor which might form a conducting film across the high resistance input leads.

In FIG. 5 there is shown a vdouble element strip which may be substituted for the configuration shown 'anddiscussed in relation to FIG. 4. Each element is electrically "divided into three sections of which sections 53, 54, 55

and S6 are sensitive, and sections 57 and 58 are inert. As the thermal image, following its elliptically shaped pathway 59, crosses strips 53 and 54 it originates positive and negative pulses, and on its return trip, across the sections 55 and S6, originates positive and negative pulses in a manner discussed in relation to FIG. 4. The common connection point 60 joining the four sensitive sections is connected to the grid of an amplifier as shown.

FIG. 6 shows a dual element configuration composed of elements 61 and 62 which may be biased from a direct current source, and which have a common connection point 63 connecting -to an amplifier as discussed in relation to FIG. 4. This arrangement is adapted for use with a lateral scan; As the thermal image passes back and forth across the sections 61 and 62 positive and negative pulses are initiated and processed as discussed above.

In order to have available the various advantages of the individual bolometerconfigurations described, a simple plug-in interchangeable bolometer is adaptable for use I in the system. This bolometer may have .the associated sensitive elements prealignedin manufacture.

- Referring to FIG. 7 there is shown a rear view of an interchangeable bolometer. This comprises a housing 64 lwith a plug-in positioning shaft 65 upon which there is a positioning pin 66. On the rear of the housing64 are three contacts 67, 68 and 69 for the necessary electrical connections to thermistor strips within the housing. One f of Vthese contacts connects to the inert commonA connection section,while the other two contacts furnish positive and negative points of contact for the electromotive force biasing the sensitive sections. The shaft 65 is adaptable forvcontact withany suitable receptacle, and the alignment or positioning pin 66 assures correct placement of l balance between the various active sensitive sections-is shown in FIG. 8. l

v6 I'Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown a cap o'r masking device 70 adaptable for fitting over the front end of the unit shown in FIG. 7. Cap '70 is vshown in relation to a three-sectionthermistor-element, comprising two active sections 28 and 30 and an inert section 29, similar to that discussed in relation to FIG. 4. Cap 70 has a spiralshaped aperture 71, and a spiral-shaped masking surface 72. If there is an unbalance between the sensitive sections 28 and 30, this unbalance condition may be overcome by rotating the cap 70 so that a part of either section 28 or 30 is obscured by the spiral-shaped masking vsurface 72.

FIGS. 9, 10 and 1l show a variety of types of signal indications registered by the equipment while using different types of bolometers, and when operated under different scanning conditions.

Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B there is shown the type of signal recorded upon the oscilloscope screen when utilizing a bolo-meter containing the element configuration shown and discussed vin relation to FIG. 4. If the target is Aincorrectly centered by the equipment, a signal is recorded similar to that shown in FIG. 9A, wherein the equipment is correctly aligned with the target in elevation,

but incorrectly positioned in azimuth. When the target is correctly centered both in elevation and in azimuth, a small diamond-.shaped open area similar to that shown in FIG. 9B appears upon the oscilloscope screen.

Referringl to FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C there are shown Ythe types of signals recorded upon the oscilloscope screen `when utilizing a bolometer containingv an element similar to that shown and discussed in relation to FIG. 5. FIG.

10A shows the signal recorded when the output of the shows a signal indicating the fact that the target is incorvrectly centered.

FIG. llB shows the type of signal recorded when the system is in directional alignment with liptical scan effect.

signal.

the target in elevation and in azimuth.

Numerous kadvantages accrue from use of the multisection element configurations when used with the elproblem, when forexample an observer is trying to detect Y low flying aircraft, since the extraneous signal from the sky and water tends to mask the legitimate signal from the aircraft. In the system as used in the invention and asv illustrated in FIG. 5, the boundary horizon'area crosses both sections of the element simultaneously, and the signals from the two sections being of opposite polarity will tend to cancel out each other thus facilitating the reception of legitimate signals. Another advantage of this method of detection is the fact that, when the'equipment is accurately pointed at a target, a distinctive signal envelope is obtained upon the oscilloscope screen and can be readily distinguished from a noise Due to this fact it is possible to detect the presence of a signal even though the signal has the same amplitude as peak random noise.

rIheamplifiers used in the system are such as are well known to those skilled in the art. The amplier tubes should be carefully selected-so as to have low icker For example, when the equipment' spaanse without departing'from ther scope and spirit yof the inf i vention as denedin the following claims.

What is claimed is:

l. in a radiant-energy scanning system-for elliptioallyy c scanning an area to detect a temperature anomaly situated therein i the combination of, a multisectioned element electrically sensitive to radiant-energy the sectionsr ofr which form arms of a bridge network, means fory colupon said element, said means comprising a plane reflector for scanning said yarea and collecting radiant-energy yemanating,tl-lerefrom, a rotatable shaft, means for rotating said shaft, said plane reflector mountedfupon said shaft at an-acute angular displacement in krelation' to the shaft, means for obtaining a rotary conical displacement.

of said shaftfas said shaft'revolves, saidrotary conical displacement direction being in an opposite' direction to the shaft rotation, a parabolic reflector situated so as to receive the collected radiant-energyfrom,saidplane. -reflector and direct it upon said element, means forforiginat- `ing an electromotiveoutput corresponding to variations inthe amounts of radiant-energy impinging upon said, element, means for generating an alternating current iny fixed time relation with saidoutput, an indicating device,

and means for feeding said electromotiveoutput and said alternating current to said device' so as 'to establish indica- -tions ofthe relative positions of said anomaly and said scanning system. y

2. In a thermal-energy detection system, for elliptical-y ly scanning anarea to detect kthe position of a temperature ranomalyy situated therein the combination of, a

parabolic reliector, means for causing a ythermal yimage f shaft, a flexible shaft, said llexible shaft` secured `to said tubular shaft and imparting rotary motionthereto, rotaryr andpivotalbearings for said tubular shaft at an end adjacentftosaid scanning reflect-or, an eccentrically driven rotary bearing for they other 'end of ysaidr tubularfshaft, means for simultaneously rotating said rotatable tubular shaft and said eccentrically driven bearing in Opposite directions at the same rate of speed, a bridge circuit network, and a plurality of thermal-sensitive elements forming arms of said bridge network, said elements situated in the focal plane region of said parabolic rellector so that said parabolic reflector may direct said thermal image upon members of said element plurality in succession.

3. In a scanning system, for elliptically scanning an area at a predetermined scan rate to detect a target situated therein the combination of, a rotatable shaft, means for rotating said shaft, a plane reflector for scanning said area and collecting radiant-energy emanating therefrom, said reflector mounted upon said shaft at an acute angular displacement in relation to the longitudinal axis of said shaft, means for obtaining a conical and rotary displacement of said longitudinal axis in a direction opposite to that of the shaft rotation as said shaft revolves, a parabolic reflector situated to receive the collected radiation from said plane reflector, an element sensitive to radiant-energy situated in the focal plane region of said parabolic reflector and comprising a plurality of sections each of which forms an arm of a bridge network, means under control of said element for producing a Vfirst electromotive force related in polarity to the bearing of said target relative to said element, means for producing a second electromotive force in phase with said rst electromotive force, an oscilloscope system including Velectron beam producing means, beam deflection means and a screen, and means for connecting said rst and second electromotive forces to said beam deection means so that a signal appears on said screen, said signal `appearance position being indicative f lecting radiant-energy from said area and focussing it `tia of the kbearing `of .said target relative Vto said scanning system.

4. In a thermal-energy system, for ellipically scanning ,an area to detecta temperature anomaly situated therein the combination of,fafrotatable shaft, means for rotating said shaft, a plane rellector for scanning saidr area and collecting thermal radiationernanating thereffronnsaid plane :reflector mounted uponsaid shaft at an acute angular displacementin'relation,to the shaft longitudinal axis, means for obtaining a rotary conical f `displacement of saidr axis in a direction opposite to the shaft rotation, a parabolic reflector situatedr to receive the collected radiation from said plane reflector, a multisectioned element sensitivey to thermal-energy radiations,` said element situated in the focal plane yregion' of said parabolic reflector, a bridge circuit containing said element, 'means in said circuit for originating a voltage variation corresponding to variations'infthe amounts of said collected radiatiomgenera-ting means .for producing an electromotive output, saidoutput in fixed time relation with said voltage variation, an oscilloscope systemgincluding beamproducing means, beam deflection means and 'a screen, and means yfonirnpressing said voltage variation and said electromotive output upon said deflection means whereby a signal indication appears upon said f screen', saidy indication relatedin its positioning on said ,with respect to the longitudinal axis of rsaid shaft,lrotary and pivotal bearings for said tubolari shaft atan end adjacent 'tosaid scanning reflector, an eccentrically driven rotary bearing for the other end of said tubular shaft,k a liexible shaft secured to said'tubular'shaft, means yfor generating an electroniotive output, said generating means eccentrically kdriven bearing in `opposite directions. *6. In a radiant-energy scanning system the combination of, a rotatable tubular shaft, a scanning reflector mounted upon said shaft and forming an acute angle in a relationship to the longitudinal axis of said shaft, a rotatable flexible shaft, said flexible shaft mechanically connected to said hollow shaft, rotary and pivotal bearings for said tubular shaft at and end adjacent to said scanning reflector, an eccentrically driven rotary bearing for the other end of said tubular shaft, and means for rotating said rotatable exible shaft and said eccentrically driven rotary bearing simultaneously in opposite directions. l

'1. In a Vradiant-energy scanning system for elliptically scanning an area to `detect an anomaly situated therein the combination of, a dat-surfaced reflector mounted upon a rotatable shaft and forming van acute angle in relationship to the `longitudinal axis of said shaft, means for rotating said shaft, means for displacing the longitudinal axis of said shaft so that `one point on said axis remains in a relatively xed position and another point on said l axis moves in a direction opposite to that of said rotating means and follows a closed curve in its movement in space.

l 8. In a radiant-energy scanning system for elliptically scanning an area to detect an anomaly situated therein the combination of, a rotatable shaft, means for rotating said shaft, a. reector mounted upon said shaft and disposed at an acute angle in reference to the longitudinal axis of said shaft, means fory `obtaining a rotary displacement of said longitudinal axis in a direction opposite to that of the .shaft rotationwhereby a line including a selected portion of said longitudinal axis generates a cone as said shaft revolves.

9; In a radiant-energy scanning system for elliptically scanning an area to detect an anomaly situated therein, the combination of, a tubular shaft, a reflector secured to said tubular shaft in a manner such that the plane of the reflector forms an acute angle with respect to the axis of said tubular shaft, rotary and pivotal bearings for said tubular shaft at an end adjacent to said reflector, an eccentrically driven rotary bearing for the other end of said tubular shaft, a llex'ble shaft secured to said tubular shaft and imparting rotary motion thereto, motor means, and power transmitting means connected to said motor means for driving said flexible shaft and said eccentrically driven bearing in opposite directions at speeds having a predetermined ratio.

10. In a radiant-energy scanning system for elliptical- 1y scanning an area to detect an anomaly situated therein, the combination of, a nat-surfaced reflector mounted References Cited n the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,824,731 Moore Sept. 22, 1931 2,410,831 Maybourduk et al. Nov. 12, 1946 2,419,024 Iams Apr. 15, 1947 2,431,625 Tolson Nov. 25, 1947 2,442,824 Polye June 8, 1948 2.457,562 Karleen Dec. 28, 1948 

